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Rhamnus cathartica
''Rhamnus cathartica'' (buckthorn, common buckthorn or purging buckthorn) is a species in the family Rhamnaceae, native to Europe, northwest Africa and western Asia, from the central British Isles south to Morocco, and east to Kyrgyzstan.〔Flora Europaea: (''Rhamnus cathartica'' )〕〔Germplasm Resources Information Network: (''Rhamnus cathartica'' )〕 It was introduced to North America as an ornamental shrub in the early 19th century or perhaps before.〔Torrey, J. (1824) A flora of the northern and middle sections of the United States: or, a systematic arrangement of all the plants hitherto discovered in the United States north of Virginia. vol 1. T. and J. Swords, New York, pp. 513〕〔 〕
==Description==
''Rhamnus cathartica'' is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing up to tall, with grey-brown bark and spiny branches. The leaves are elliptic to oval, long and broad; they are green, turning yellow in autumn, and are arranged somewhat variably in opposite to subopposite pairs or alternately. The flowers are yellowish-green, with four petals; they are dioecious and insect pollinated. The fruit is a globose black drupe, diameter and containing two to four seeds; it is mildly poisonous for people, but readily eaten by birds, which disperse the seeds in their droppings.〔Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.〕〔Flora of NW Europe: (''Rhamnus cathartica'' )〕
The species was originally named by Carl Linnaeus as ''Rhamnus catharticus'', but this spelling was corrected to ''cathartica'' as the genus name ''Rhamnus'' is treated as being of feminine gender.〔Bean, W. J. (1980). ''Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles'' 8th ed., vol. 3. John Murray ISBN 0-7195-2427-X.〕
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